Kazakhstan
Travel Guide to Kazakhstan: Endless Spaces and Bursting Modernity
Kazakhstan, the ninth largest country in the world, offers a fascinating blend of pristine wild landscapes and modern, developing cities. Stretching from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, the country offers visitors snow-capped mountain ranges, deep canyons, turquoise lakes, and a rich history of nomads on the Silk Road.
food
Kazakh cuisine is traditionally based on meat (beef, lamb, and horse) and dairy products, a heritage of the nomadic lifestyle. The national dish is 'Beshbarmak' – boiled meat served on wide sheets of dough. It is also worth trying 'Plov' (rice with meat and carrots), 'Manti' (steamed dumplings), and 'Baursak' (fried dough). In the big cities, there is a rich international culinary scene.
nature
Nature is Kazakhstan's greatest asset. The country offers immense variety: from the red canyons of Charyn, through the alpine lakes of Kolsay and Kaindy, to the snow-capped peaks of the Tian Shan mountains. There are many national parks that allow for day trips or long treks of several days.
culture
Kazakh culture is a fusion of Turkic-Mongolian roots with strong Russian and Soviet influence. Traditional music is based on string instruments like the 'Dombra'. The country is very proud of its nomadic heritage, which can be seen in festivals, traditional dwellings (yurts), and equestrian sports.
families
Kazakhstan is a family-friendly destination, especially in the big cities. There are extensive urban parks, zoos, and entertainment centers within malls (such as an indoor water park in Astana). The accessible nature in the Almaty area allows for relatively easy trips suitable for children.
shopping
The shopping experience ranges from traditional markets (bazaars) like the 'Zelyony Bazar' in Almaty, where you can buy dried fruits, spices, and handicrafts, to huge and luxurious modern malls like the 'Khan Shatyr' in Astana. Recommended products for purchase include felt products, carpets, traditional silver jewelry, and high-quality local chocolate.
nightlife
Almaty is the country's nightlife hub, with plenty of bars, jazz clubs, European pubs, and dance clubs active until the early hours. Astana offers more upscale entertainment in hotels and modern entertainment complexes. In smaller cities, nightlife is much quieter and centers mainly around restaurants.
generalIntro
Kazakhstan is a rising destination on the global tourism map, combining ancient nomadic traditions with technological progress. The country is divided into diverse geographical regions: the mountainous and green south around Almaty, the center and north characterized by vast steppes and the modern capital Astana, and the west rich in natural resources on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Visitors will find exceptional hospitality, improving tourism infrastructure, and relatively affordable prices compared to the West.
tripDuration
For a trip focusing on the Almaty area and its surroundings, about 7 to 10 days are required. If you wish to combine Astana and other sites like Turkistan or Mangystau, it is recommended to dedicate two to three weeks to the country.
transportation
Distances in Kazakhstan are vast. The most efficient way to travel between distant cities is by domestic flights or fast night trains (Talgo). Within cities, taxis are a popular means of transport (it is recommended to use apps like Yandex Go). Almaty has a modern and beautiful metro system.
weatherBestTime
The most recommended time to visit is in the spring (May-June) and autumn (September-October), when the weather is pleasant and suitable for nature trips. Summer can be very hot in the steppes, but it is ideal for trekking in the high mountains. Winter in Kazakhstan, especially in the north, is very cold with temperatures dropping well below zero, but it is excellent for skiing enthusiasts in the Almaty area.
recommendedAreas
The main areas to visit are Almaty and its surroundings, which serve as the cultural and natural center of the country; Astana (formerly Nur-Sultan), the capital showcasing bold contemporary architecture; and the Turkistan region in the south, an important historical and religious center with remains from the Silk Road era. For nature lovers, the Mangystau region in the west offers unique lunar landscapes.
Places to know
1. Charyn Canyon
Almaty Region - Nature
Charyn Canyon, often referred to as the 'Little Brother of the Grand Canyon', is one of the most impressive natural sites in Central Asia. The canyon stretches for about 90 kilometers, with its most famous part being the 'Valley of Castles'. This area is characterized by spectacular reddish rock formations created by wind and water erosion over millions of years. Walking through the Valley of Castles is an extraordinary visual experience, as the rocks rise to heights of dozens of meters, resembling ancient turrets and fortresses. At the end of the trail, you reach the flowing Charyn River, where you can rest in the shade of the trees before heading back up. The site offers hiking trails of varying difficulty levels and spectacular panoramic views from the top of the cliffs. It is a must-visit destination for any photography and nature lover visiting southern Kazakhstan, providing a glimpse into the geological forces that shaped the region.
Unique rock formations and dramatic desert landscape that contrasts with the green mountains of Almaty.
2. Lake Kaindy
Almaty Region - Nature
Lake Kaindy is one of the most picturesque and unusual lakes in the world. The lake was formed in 1911 following a powerful earthquake that caused a landslide blocking the valley, leading to its flooding with cold water. The uniqueness of the lake is the 'Sunken Forest' – spruce tree trunks that remain standing inside the water. The upper parts of the trunks look like masts of shipwrecks protruding above the water, while beneath the freezing water, the needles of the trees have been amazingly preserved due to the low temperature, creating the appearance of a magical underwater forest. The water color changes between deep blue and bright turquoise, depending on the sun's angle and minerals. Access to the lake requires a 4x4 vehicle due to rough roads, but the effort is worth it for those seeking peace and pristine natural beauty. The area around the lake is surrounded by dense forests and is very suitable for picnics and short hikes.
A rare sight of spruce trees growing out of a crystal-clear turquoise lake.
3. Baiterek Tower
Astana - Landmark
Baiterek Tower is the most recognizable symbol of Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, representing the aspirations and identity of the modern state. The structure, standing 105 meters tall, was designed based on an ancient Kazakh myth about the 'Tree of Life' and the bird of happiness 'Samruk', which laid a golden egg among its branches. The tower consists of a white steel construction that widens upwards, topped by a giant golden glass sphere. Visitors can take an elevator into the sphere, where an observation deck offers a 360-degree panoramic view of the city's futuristic architecture, including the Presidential Palace and the central government axis. Inside the observation deck is also a handprint of the first president of Kazakhstan, and many visitors place their hand in it and make a wish. The tower is surrounded by parks and fountains, making it an excellent starting point for exploring the new city center.
Spectacular view of the modern capital and understanding the national mythology.
4. Medeu Complex
Almaty - Sports/Nature
Medeu is the highest outdoor ice skating rink in the world, located at an altitude of 1,691 meters above sea level in a mountain valley near Almaty. The complex was built during the Soviet era and became known for its high-quality ice, where dozens of world records in speed skating were broken. Beyond its sporting importance, Medeu is a very popular day-trip destination for Almaty residents and tourists alike. From the complex, you can climb the 'Stairs of Health' – a long staircase leading to a mudflow protection dam, offering a spectacular view of the valley and the mountains. In winter, the site is open for public ice skating in a festive atmosphere, and in summer, it serves as a starting point for many mountain hiking trails. Access to the site is very easy via city bus from central Almaty, making it one of the most accessible and beloved sites in the region.
A combination of sporting history, clear mountain air, and accessible alpine views.
5. Shymbulak
Almaty - Ski Resort/Nature
Shymbulak is the leading and most prestigious ski resort in Central Asia, located above the Medeu complex in the Tian Shan mountain range. The resort is connected to Medeu by a modern cable car offering a spectacular ride over valleys and peaks. During the winter months (November to April), Shymbulak offers world-class ski and snowboard slopes, with modern infrastructure, ski schools, and mountain restaurants. In summer, the resort transforms into a center for outdoor activities such as mountain biking, paragliding, and hiking to high peaks, including the Talgar Pass at an altitude of over 3,000 meters. The atmosphere at Shymbulak is very European, with stylish cafes and breathtaking views of glaciers and jagged peaks. It is the perfect place to escape the city heat in summer or enjoy high-quality winter sports at competitive prices.
Spectacular mountain views, modern cable cars, and year-round outdoor activities.
6. The Green Bazaar
Almaty - Shopping/Culture
The Green Bazaar (Zelyony Bazar) is the beating heart of Almaty and a must-visit for anyone wanting to experience authentic local culture. The market has been operating for over a hundred years and offers a dizzying array of products: from fresh fruits and vegetables, through nuts and dried fruits from all over Central Asia, to meats (including special departments for horse meat), local cheeses, and honey. The market is divided into indoor and outdoor areas, providing a sensory experience of smells, colors, and flavors. Vendors are usually happy to offer tastings of 'Kurt' (dried cheese balls) or halva. Beyond food, you can find clothes, household items, and traditional Kazakh souvenirs here. Visiting the bazaar is an excellent opportunity to see the ethnic diversity of Kazakhstan and practice bargaining skills, although prices are generally fixed and fair. It is recommended to arrive in the morning when the produce is at its peak.
Authentic culinary and cultural experience, souvenir shopping, and tasting local foods.
7. Khan Shatyr
Astana - Shopping/Architecture
Khan Shatyr is not just a mall, but an architectural masterpiece designed by British architect Norman Foster. The structure is shaped like a giant transparent nomadic tent, rising to a height of 150 meters, and is considered the largest tensile structure in the world. The tent is made of a special material that allows for temperature regulation inside, so even when the outside temperature drops to 30 degrees below zero, a comfortable climate is maintained within. Inside the vast complex, you will find hundreds of international brand stores, cinemas, food courts, and an amusement park. The highlight is the top floor, which houses a beach club with sand brought from the Maldives and a wave pool, allowing Astana residents to enjoy a tropical atmosphere in the heart of the Kazakh steppe. The building is particularly impressive at night when it is lit in changing colors, serving as a testament to Kazakhstan's modern ambitions.
Extraordinary architecture, shopping, and family entertainment in a unique structure.
8. National Museum of Kazakhstan
Astana - Culture/Museum
The National Museum in Astana is the largest and most modern museum in the country, offering a comprehensive overview of Kazakh history and culture from ancient times to the present day. The building itself is very impressive with its modern design, and inside are dozens of exhibition halls using advanced technologies, including multimedia displays and holograms. The main attraction is the 'Gold Room', which displays the findings of the 'Golden Man' – a Saka warrior from the 4th century BC buried with thousands of gold ornaments, who became one of Kazakhstan's national symbols. Other halls are dedicated to ethnography, modern art, and the history of the establishment of the independent state and the capital Astana. The museum provides important context for understanding the nomadic heritage of the region and the rapid transition to a modern state. It is recommended to dedicate plenty of time to the visit, as the displays are very rich in detail.
Deep understanding of Kazakh history and viewing ancient gold treasures.
9. Hazret Sultan Mosque
Astana - Religion/Architecture
Hazret Sultan Mosque is one of the largest and most magnificent mosques in Central Asia. It was built in a classic Islamic style with touches of traditional Kazakh ornaments and can accommodate up to 10,000 worshippers at once. The mosque has a giant central dome and four minarets rising to a height of 77 meters. The interior of the mosque is breathtaking, with white marble work, giant crystal chandeliers, and hand-embroidered carpets. The atmosphere is peaceful and respectful, and it is open to non-Muslim visitors outside of prayer hours (modest dress is required, and women are asked to cover their heads with scarves provided at the entrance). The mosque looks particularly impressive in the evening when it is lit with soft lighting that highlights its architectural details. It is an excellent place to appreciate the spiritual and religious side of modern Kazakh society.
Spectacular religious architecture and an atmosphere of peace in the heart of the city.
10. Big Almaty Lake
Almaty Region - Nature
Big Almaty Lake is a natural water reservoir located at an altitude of 2,511 meters in the Tian Shan mountains, a relatively short drive from central Almaty. The lake is known for its mesmerizing turquoise color, which changes depending on the season and time of day. It is surrounded by three impressive mountain peaks reflected in its clear waters, creating a perfect backdrop for photos. The lake serves as a source of drinking water for the city of Almaty, so swimming is prohibited and access to the water's edge is restricted, but you can walk around it and enjoy the viewpoints. The road to the lake passes through a beautiful and winding river gorge. Due to its altitude, the weather here is much cooler than in the city, even in summer, so it is recommended to bring warm clothing. This is one of the most accessible natural sites for travelers staying in Almaty, providing a true alpine experience just a stone's throw from the metropolis.
Spectacular mountain scenery and a turquoise lake within a short drive from the city.
11. Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Turkistan - History/UNESCO
The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in the city of Turkistan is one of the most important historical sites in Kazakhstan and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The structure was established at the end of the 14th century by the ruler Timur (Tamerlane) in honor of the famous Sufi mystic. The mausoleum is considered a masterpiece of Timurid architecture, with the largest turquoise dome in the Islamic world and walls decorated with spectacular blue and green tiles with geometric patterns and calligraphy. The building remained unfinished after Timur's death, allowing visitors to see some of the construction methods of the period. The site is an important pilgrimage center for Muslims from all over Central Asia and is surrounded by a historical complex including an ancient hammam, an underground mosque, and a museum. A visit here is a journey back in time to the golden age of the Silk Road.
The most important historical site in the country and spectacular Timurid architecture.
12. Kok Tobe Park
Almaty - Entertainment/Viewpoint
Kok Tobe (Green Hill) is the highest point in the city of Almaty, reachable by a cable car departing from the city center or by bus. The park at the top of the hill offers the best view of the city and the surrounding Tian Shan mountains, especially at sunset when the city lights begin to twinkle. In the complex, you will find a variety of attractions: a small zoo, a Ferris wheel, an Alpine Coaster, restaurants, and cafes. One of the famous statues in the park is a bronze statue of The Beatles, which has become a magnet for fans. At the top of the hill also stands the Almaty TV Tower, one of the tallest structures in the world (though it is not open to visitors). It is a very popular leisure spot for families and couples, offering a relaxed and fun atmosphere away from the hustle and bustle of the streets below.
The best panoramic view of Almaty and attractions for the whole family.
13. Kolsay Lakes
Almaty Region - Nature
Kolsay Lakes are a chain of three alpine lakes known as the 'Pearls of the Northern Tian Shan'. The lakes are located at different altitudes within a narrow green valley, surrounded by dense coniferous forests. The first lake is the most accessible and can be reached by car; it offers options for boating, horseback riding, and accommodation in local guesthouses in the nearby village of Saty. The second lake is a few hours' trek up the mountain and is considered the most beautiful due to its isolation and the wild landscapes surrounding it. The third lake is closer to the border with Kyrgyzstan and access to it is more restricted. The water in the lakes is very clear and reflects the sky and forests perfectly. It is an ideal destination for trekking, camping, and pristine nature enthusiasts who want to experience the silence of the high mountains.
Pristine alpine landscapes, clear lakes, and excellent trekking routes.
14. Park of 28 Panfilov Guardsmen
Almaty - Park/History
This park is one of the most historical and moving places in Almaty. It is dedicated to 28 soldiers from an Almaty infantry unit who died while defending Moscow against the Nazis in World War II. In the center of the park stands an impressive bronze monument, and next to it burns the 'Eternal Flame'. Inside the park is also Zenkov Cathedral, a spectacular and colorful wooden structure built in the early 20th century without the use of nails, and it is one of the few buildings that survived the great earthquake of 1911. The park is full of ancient trees, pleasant walking paths, and benches, serving as a popular meeting place for city residents. Additionally, the Museum of Traditional Musical Instruments is located within the park, housed in a beautiful wooden building. It is an excellent place to combine history, architecture, and relaxation in the heart of the city.
A combination of military history, unique wooden architecture, and a pleasant urban park.
15. Bektau-Ata Canyon
Karaganda Region - Nature
Bektau-Ata is an extraordinary mountainous area in the heart of the Kazakh steppe, located north of Lake Balkhash. It is a unique geological structure of granite rocks shaped by winds and temperature changes into rounded and strange forms, resembling a landscape from another planet. The area is not forested, which emphasizes the contrast between the reddish-brown rocks and the blue sky. The site is considered sacred according to local traditions, and it contains a deep cave with a water source believed to have healing properties. Travelers can climb the smooth rocks, explore the caves, and enjoy the absolute silence of the desert. Due to its distance from major tourist centers, Bektau-Ata remains a less-known and well-preserved destination, especially suitable for travelers looking for off-the-beaten-path adventures and rare geological photography.
Rare geological rock formations and a unique 'lunar' landscape in the heart of the steppe.
16. Akmola Regional Museum
Kokshetau / Burabay - Culture
The Burabay area, often called the 'Switzerland of Kazakhstan', is a popular resort region in the north of the country. It is characterized by a combination of clear lakes, pine forests, and strangely shaped mountains. The museum and cultural center in the area provide information on the history of northern Kazakhstan, the unique flora and fauna of the region, and local legends associated with famous rocks like 'Zhumbaktas' (the Mysterious Rock). The entire area serves as an entertainment hub with walking trails, boating options on the lakes, and easy mountain climbing. In summer, the place is a refuge from the heat for Astana residents, and in winter, it becomes a destination for cross-country skiing and ice fishing. Visiting the cultural center helps in understanding the importance of this area in Kazakh identity as a site of natural beauty and relaxation.
Getting to know the nature and folklore of northern Kazakhstan in a popular resort area.
17. Singing Dune
Altyn-Emel National Park - Nature
The Singing Dune is an amazing natural phenomenon located in the Altyn-Emel National Park. It is a giant sand dune about 3 kilometers long and 150 meters high, located in the heart of a rocky area. Its uniqueness is the deep and booming sound it produces when the sand moves – usually due to strong wind or when people slide down the dune. The sound resembles the hum of a plane or the sound of an organ, and it can be heard for kilometers. Climbing to the top of the dune is challenging but rewarding, with a spectacular view of the Ili River and the surrounding mountains. The national park itself also offers other natural sites like the colorful Aktau Mountains. Visiting the dune is a unique sensory experience combining the desert sight with the 'music' of nature.
A rare natural phenomenon of 'singing' sand and breathtaking desert scenery.
18. Museum of Folk Musical Instruments
Almaty - Museum/Culture
The museum is housed in a beautiful wooden building built in 1908 inside Panfilov Park. It is dedicated to the rich musical heritage of Kazakhstan and displays an impressive collection of traditional musical instruments, including various types of Dombra, Kobyz, and ancient wind instruments. Some of the instruments on display belonged to famous Kazakh composers and poets. The museum is not just a static display; visitors can listen to recordings of the different instruments and sometimes even watch live performances by local musicians demonstrating traditional playing techniques. The interior design of the museum combines elements of traditional Kazakh art, providing a fascinating glimpse into the soul of nomadic culture, where music and poetry played a central role in passing down stories and history from generation to generation.
Getting to know Kazakh music and art inside a beautiful historical building.
19. Astana Opera
Astana - Culture/Arts
The Astana Opera House is one of the most impressive and magnificent buildings built in modern Kazakhstan. It opened in 2013 and is designed in a neo-classical style combining elements of Greco-Roman architecture with national Kazakh motifs. The main hall is known for its excellent acoustics and spectacular interior design including gold, crystal, and marble. The venue hosts world-class performances of opera, ballet, and classical concerts, with a talented local company alongside international guest artists. Even if you don't plan to watch a show, it's worth visiting to admire the building from the outside and take guided interior tours. The opera house symbolizes Kazakhstan's ambition to become a global cultural center and connect Western and Eastern traditions. The square in front of the building is a pleasant place for an evening walk with fountains and impressive lighting.
High-level cultural experience and magnificent interior architecture.
20. Aktau Mountains
Altyn-Emel National Park - Nature
The Aktau Mountains (White Mountains) are a geological wonder located within the Altyn-Emel National Park. These are mountains composed of layers of colorful sediments – white, red, orange, and yellow – formed millions of years ago when the area was the bed of an ancient sea. Erosion has created narrow canyons, pillars, and spectacular rock formations that look like a surreal painting. Walking among the mountains feels like a journey to another planet, especially in the early morning or before sunset, when the light emphasizes the vivid colors of the rock. Fossils of ancient animals have also been found in the area, adding to the scientific importance of the site. It is a favorite destination for photographers and geology enthusiasts, offering a quiet and powerful desert experience far from any settlement. Access requires a 4x4 vehicle and a guide, as the area is very isolated.
Extraordinary colorful landscapes of fossilized mountains and canyons.